กฏการเคลื่อนที่ของนิวตัน
แผนภาพอิสระของวัตถุ
(Free-Body Diagram, F.B.D.)
ในระบบกลศาสตร์ที่ประกอบไปด้วยมวลหลายมวล
เราสามารถแยกแผนภาพของแต่ละวัตถุอย่างอิสระได้
โดยเมื่อรวมแรงแล้วจะเท่ากับแรงทั้งระบบ
ประโยชน์ เพื่อใช้ในการวิเคราะห์และแก้ปัญหาทางกลศาสตร์
ตัวอย่างเช่น ระบบมวล A และ B บนพื้นที่ไม่มีความฝืดโดยมีแรง F มากระทำกับมวล A เราสามารถแยก F.B.D. ของมวลแต่ละก้อนได้ดังรูป



กฏการเคลื่อนที่ของนิวตัน
กฎการเคลื่อนที่ของนิวตัน (Newton’s laws of motion) ประกอบด้วย 3 กฎคือ
กฎข้อที่ 1 (First law of motion):
วัตถุจะคงสภาพการเคลื่อนที่เดิมไว้ (หยุดนิ่ง หรือ เคลื่อนด้วยความตัวคงที่) เมื่อไม่มีแรงภายนอกที่ไม่เป็นศูนย์มากระทำต่อวัตถุนั้น เขียนเป็นสมการได้เป็น
กฎข้อที่ 2 (Second law of motion):
เมื่อมีแรงภายนอกที่ไม่เป็นศูนย์มากระทำต่อวัตถุ วัตถุนั้นจะเคลื่อนที่ไปด้วยความเร่งที่มีทิศตามทิศของแรงที่มากระทำ เขียนเป็นสมการได้เป็น
กฎข้อที่ 3 (Third law of motion):
ทุกแรงกิริยาย่อมมีแรงปฏิกิริยาที่มีขนาดเท่ากันแต่ทิศทางตรงข้ามกันโดย
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แรงชนิดต่าง ๆ ในฟิสิกส์
แรงที่เรามักจะเจอในวิชาฟิสิกส์จะประกอบด้วย
เมื่อ
คือรัศมีความโค้ง- แรงลอยตัว (buoyant force) เป็นแรงพยุงวัตถุในของของเหลวโดยขนาดของแรงลอยตัวขึ้นกับ
ค่าปริมาตรของวัตถุที่จมในของเหลวและค่าความหนาแน่นของของเหลวนั้น เขียนสมการได้เป็น
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- โมเมนต์ของแรง (monment of force) เป็นผลของแรงที่กระทำต่อวัตถุเพื่อให้วัตถุหมุนไปรอบจุดหมุน ดังนั้น โมเมนต์ของแรงก็คือ ผลคูณของแรงกับระยะตั้งฉากจากแนวแรงถึงจุดหมุน ดังสมการ
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และจะต้องอยู่บนกฎการอนุรักษ์โมเมนตัมเชิงมุม โดยโมเมนต์รวมในทิศทางตามเข็มนาฬิกาจะเท่ากับโมเมนต์รวมในทิศทางทวนเข็มนาฬิกา
ประสิทธิภาพของเครื่องกล
เครื่องมือกลอย่างง่ายในระบบกลศาสตร์ประกอบด้วย รอก คาน และพื้นเอียง ซึ่งสามารถหาการได้เปรียบเชิงกลเป็น
การได้เปรียบเชิงกลทางปฏิบัติ (Actual Mechanical Advantage) :
การได้เปรียบเชิงกลทางทฤษฎี (Theoretical Mechanical Advantage) :
ประสิทธิภาพของเครื่องกล (Efficiency) :
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